Table of Contents
@@Building Type (Indigenous name for the housing type):@@, @@Country:@@
From World Housing Encyclopedia
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1. General Information
Report:
Building Type: @@Building Type (Indigenous name for the housing type):@@
Country: @@Country:@@
Author(s): cuidado
Last Updated:
Regions Where Found: @@Region(s) Where Found: (Provide the name(s) of the region(s) where this housing type exists; the region might indicate state, province or a similar political entity; if possible,indicate percentage this housing type as a fraction of the entire housing stock in the region)@@
Summary: @@Summary: provide a brief summary of the housing type; the summary should include the description of building function, structural strengths and deficiencies, and expected seismic performance.@@
Length of time practiced: @@How long has this construction type been practiced?@@
Still Practiced: @@If yes, in practice as of:@@
In practice as of: @@If yes, in practice as of:@@
Building Occupancy: @@Building Occupancy: Select all that apply(, )@@
Typical number of stories: @@Typical Number of Stories:@@
Terrain-Flat: @@Flat@@
Terrain-Sloped: @@Sloped (hilly)@@
Comments: @@Additional Comments on Section 1:@@
2. Features
Plan Shape: @@Plan Shape: (Select the typical shape of a building plan for this construction type)@@
Additional comments on plan shape: @@Additional comments on plan shape: (If Other selected above, please describe.)@@
Typical plan length (meters): @@Typical Plan Length (meters):@@
Typical plan width (meters): @@Typical Plan Width (meters):@@
Typical story height (meters): @@Typical Story Height (meters):@@
Type of Structural System: @@Type of Structural System: Select all that apply(, )@@
Additional comments on structural system: @@Additional comments on structural system: (If Other selected, please explain. If there is more than one type of structural system, please explain.)@@
Gravity load-bearing & lateral load-resisting systems: @@Gravity load-bearing & lateral load-resisting systems: (Describe the key elements)@@
Typical wall densities: @@Direction 1@@, @@Direction 2@@
Additional comments on typical wall densities: @@Additional comments on typical wall densities:@@
Wall Openings: @@Wall Openings: Housing vulnerability is significantly affected by openings in the walls (e.g. doors and windows), and especially their number, size and position; this statement is particularly valid for loadbearing masonry and concrete wall structures. Provide the number, size and position of openings for a typical floor in a building. If possible, provide an estimate (expressed in %) for the overall window and door areas as a fraction of the overall wall surface area.@@
Is it typical for buildings of this type to have common walls with adjacent buildings? @@Is it typical for buildings of this type to have common walls with adjacent buildings?@@
Modifications of buildings: @@Modification of Buildings: (Describe typical patterns of modification observed (i.e. infill balconies, demolishing interior walls or columns, extensions to buildings, new stairs, etc.))@@
Type of Foundation: @@Type of Foundation: (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on foundation: @@Additional comments on foundation: (If other selected, please explain. If there is more than one foundation type, please explain)@@
Type of Floor System: @@Type of Floor System: (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on floor system: @@Additional comments on floor system: (e.g. is floor diaphragm rigid or flexible?)@@
Type of Roof System: @@Type of Roof System: (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on roof system: @@Additional comments on roof system: (e.g. is roof diaphragm rigid or flexible?)@@
Type of infill wall material: @@Type of infill wall material: (if applicable)@@
Additional comments section 2: @@Additional comments on roof system: (e.g. is roof diaphragm rigid or flexible?)@@
3. Buildings Process
Description of Building Materials
| Structural Element | Building Material (s) | Comment (s) |
|---|---|---|
| Wall/Frame | @@Wall/Frame Building material(s)@@ | @@Wall/Frame Comments (Include Characteristic strength, see Note 1, and Mix Proportion/Dimensions, see Note 2)@@ |
| Foundations | @@Foundations Building material(s)@@ | @@Foundations Comments (Include Characteristic strength, see Note 1, and Mix Proportion/Dimensions, see Note 2)@@ |
| Floors | @@Floors Building material(s)@@ | @@Floors Comments (Include Characteristic strength, see Note 1, and Mix Proportion/Dimensions, see Note 2)@@ |
| Roof | @@Roof Building material(s)@@ | @@Roof Comments (Include Characteristic strength, see Note 1, and Mix Proportion/Dimensions, see Note 2)@@ |
| Other | @@Other Building material(s)@@ | @@Other Comments (Include Characteristic strength, see Note 1, and Mix Proportion/Dimensions, see Note 2)@@ |
Design Process
Who is involved in the design process? @@Who is involved in the design process?(, )@@
Roles of those involved in the design process: @@Explain the roles of those selected in the design process@@
Expertise of those involved in the design: @@Describe the expertise of those selected@@
Construction Process
Who typically builds this construction type?: @@Who typically builds this construction type?(, )@@
Roles of those involved in the building process: @@Explain roles of those selected in the building process (If Other selected, please explain.)@@
Expertise of those involved in building process: @@Describe expertise of those selected@@
Construction process and phasing: @@Construction Process and Phasing (e.g. Briefly describe the construction process; and what tools and/or equipment are typically used.)@@
Construction issues: @@Construction issues (describe any problems encountered during construction that relate to seismic vulnerability)@@
Building Codes and Standards
Is this construction type address by codes/standards? @@Is this construction type addressed by codes/standards?@@
Applicable codes or standards: @@If yes, provide the title of the code or standard and the year when the first code/standard addressing this type of construction had been issued? Include any applicable codes.@@
Process for building code enforcement: @@Process for Building Code Enforcement (explain, if appropriate)@@
Building Permits and Development Control Rules
Are building permits required? @@Are building permits required?@@
Is this typically informal construction? @@Is this typically informal construction? (without permits, plans, inspection-explain)@@
Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules? @@Is this construction typically authorized as per development control rules?@@
Additional comments on building permits and development control rules: @@Additional comments on building permits and development control rules:@@
Building Maintenance and Condition
Typical problems associated with this type of construction: @@Typical Problems Associated with this Type of Construction (e.g. environmental, water ingress)@@
Who typically maintains buildings of this type? @@Who typically maintains buildings of this type? (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on maintenance and building condition: @@Additional comments regarding both maintenance and building condition: (If other above, please explain)@@
Construction Economics
Unit construction cost: @@Explain unit construction cost: per m2 of built-up area expressed using a currency used in the region, and, if possible, an equivalent amount in $US in the brackets e.g. 200 Rs/m2 (5 $US/m2) (When calculating the conversion between local currency and U.S. dollars, please use the market rate if it is different from the official rate))@@
Labor requirements: @@Explain labor requirements (number of effort days required to complete the construction):@@
Additional comments section 3: @@Additional Comments on Section 3@@
4. Socio-Economic Issues
Patterns of occupancy: @@Patterns of Occupancy:@@
Number of inhabitants in a typical building of this construction type during the day: @@How many inhabitants reside in a typical building of this construction type during the day? (i.e. during business hours) (select all that apply)@@
Number of inhabitants in a typical building of this construction type during the evening/night: @@How many inhabitants reside in a typical building of this construction type in the evening/night? (select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on number of inhabitants: @@Additional comments on number of inhabitants: (if Other selected, specify number)@@
Economic level of inhabitants: @@Economic Level of Inhabitants*: (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on economic level of inhabitants: @@Additional comments on economic level of inhabitants:@@
Typical Source of Financing: @@What is the typical source of financing for buildings of this type? (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on financing: @@Additional comments on financing: (If Combination or Other selected, please explain)@@
Type of Ownership: @@Type of ownership for buildings of this type? (Select all that apply)(, )@@
Additional comments on ownership: @@Additional comments on ownership: (if Other selected, please explain)@@
Is earthquake insurance for this construction type typically available? @@Is earthquake insurance for this construction type typically available?@@
What does earthquake insurance typically cover/cost: @@If earthquake insurance is available, what does this insurance typically cover/cost?@@
Are premium discounts or higher coverages available for seismically strengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistant features? @@Are premium discounts or higher coverages available for seismically strengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistant features?@@
Additional comments on premium discounts: @@Additional comments on premium discounts:@@
Additional comments section 4: @@Additional Comments on Section 4@@
5. Earthquakes
Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type
| Year | Earthquake Epicenter | Richter Magnitude | Maximum Intensity |
|---|
@@Past Earthquakes in the country which affected buildings of this type@@
Past Earthquakes
Damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this construction type: @@Damage patterns observed in past earthquakes for this construction type:@@
Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns: @@Additional comments on earthquake damage patterns:@@
Structural and Architectural Features for Seismic Resistance
The main reference publication used in developing the statements used in this table is FEMA 310 “Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings-A Pre-standard”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998.
The total width of door and window openings in a wall is: For brick masonry construction in cement mortar : less than ½ of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For adobe masonry, stone masonry and brick masonry in mud mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between the adjacent cross walls; For precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 of the length of a perimeter wall.
| Structural/Architectural Feature | Statement | Seismic Resistance |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral load path | The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces from the building to the foundation. | @@Lateral load path - The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces from the building to the foundation.@@ |
| Building Configuration-Vertical | The building is regular with regards to the elevation. (Specify in 5.4.1) | @@Building Configuration-Vertical - The building is regular with regards to the elevation. (Specify in 5.4.1)@@ |
| Building Configuration-Horizontal | The building is regular with regards to the plan. (Specify in 5.4.2) | @@Building Configuration-Horizontal - The building is regular with regards to the plan. (Specify in 5.4.2)@@ |
| Roof Construction | The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | @@Roof Construction - The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area.@@ |
| Floor Construction | The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area. | @@Floor Construction - The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area.@@ |
| Foundation Performance | There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the structure in an earthquake. | @@Foundation Performance - There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the structure in an earthquake.@@ |
| Wall and Frame Structures-Redundancy | The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction is greater than or equal to 2. | @@Wall and Frame Structures-Redundancy - The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction is greater than or equal to 2.@@ |
| Wall Proportions | Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is: Less than 25 (concrete walls); Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls); | @@Wall Proportions - Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is: Less than 25 (concrete walls); Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls);@@ |
| Foundation-Wall Connection | Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation. | @@Foundation-Wall Connection - Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation.@@ |
| Wall-Roof Connections | Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps. | @@Wall-Roof Connections - Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps.@@ |
| Wall Openings | @@Wall Openings@@ | |
| Quality of Building Materials | Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate). | @@Quality of Building Materials - Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate).@@ |
| Quality of Workmanship | Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of a few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction standards). | @@Quality of Workmanship - Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of a few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction standards).@@ |
| Maintenance | Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber). | @@Maintenance - Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber).@@ |
Additional comments on structural and architectural features for seismic resistance: @@Additional comments on Structural and Architectural Features for Seismic Resistance:@@
Building Irregularities
Vertical irregularities typically found in this construction type: @@Select vertical irregularities typically found in this construction type:(, )@@
Horizontal irregularities typically found in this construction type: @@Select horizontal irregularities typically found in this construction type:(, )@@
Seismic deficiency in walls: @@Seismic Deficiency in Walls@@
Earthquake-resilient features in walls: @@Earthquake–Resilient Features in Walls (Describe positive structural features that contribute to the good seismic performance)@@
Seismic deficiency in frames: @@Seismic Deficiency in Frame@@
Earthquake-resilient features in frame: @@Earthquake–Resilient Features in Frame (Describe positive structural features that contribute to the good seismic performance)@@
Seismic deficiency in roof and floors: @@Seismic Deficiency in Roof and Floors@@
Earthquake resilient features in roof and floors: @@Earthquake–Resilient Features in Roof and Floors(Describe positive structural features that contribute to the good seismic performance)@@
Seismic deficiency in foundation: @@Seismic Deficiency in Foundation@@
Earthquake-resilient features in foundation: @@Earthquake–Resilient Features in Foundation (Describe positive structural features that contribute to the good seismic performance)@@
Seismic deficiency in other: @@Seismic Deficiency in Other@@
Earthquake-resilient features in other: @@Earthquake–Resilient Features in Other (Describe positive structural features that contribute to the good seismic performance)@@
Seismic Vulnerability Rating
For information about how seismic vulnerability ratings were selected see the Seismic Vulnerability Guidelines
| High vulnerabilty | Medium vulnerability | Low vulnerability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Seismic vulnerability class | @@A@@ | @@B@@ | @@C@@ | @@D@@ | @@E@@ | @@F@@ |
Additional comments: @@Additional comments (e.g. explain how this vulnerability rating was assigned)@@
Additional comments section 5: @@Additional Comments on Section 5@@
6. Retrofit Information
Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions
| Structural Deficiency | Seismic Strengthening |
|---|
@@Description of seismic | Strengthening provisions@@
Additional comments on seismic strengthening provisions: @@Additional comments: Provide additional information about the strengthening techniques to the extent they are available to you.@@
Has seismic strengthening described in the above table been performed? @@Has seismic strengthening described in the above table been performed? If so, to what extent?@@
Was the work done as a mitigation effort on an undamaged building or as a repair following earthquake damages? @@Was the work done as a mitigation effort on an undamaged building, or as repair following earthquake damage?@@
Was the construction inspected in the same manner as new construction? @@Was the construction inspected in the same manner as new construction?@@
Who performed the construction: a contractor or owner/user? Was an architect or engineer involved? @@Who performed the construction: a contractor, or owner/user? Was an architect or engineer involved?@@
What has been the performance of retrofitted buildings of this type in subsequent earthquakes? @@What has been the performance of retrofitted buildings of this type in subsequent earthquakes?@@
Additional comments section 6: @@Additional Comments on Section 6:@@
7. References
@@References@@
Authors
| Name | Title | Affiliation | Location |
|---|
@@Authors@@
Reviewers
| Name | Title | Affiliation | Location |
|---|
@@Reviewers@@